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  • BEING A FLEDGLING LAWYER

    One of my favorite things to do, now that I’m retired, is watch the fledglings learning to fly, frantically fluttering their wings trying to land on the birdfeeders in our garden. They remind me I was once a fledging lawyer frantically trying to fly myself. I was first shoved from the nest by Jack Swerling who sent me out on my own to cover a preliminary hearing in an Assault and Battery with Intent to Kill, ABWIK, case.

            The hearing was scheduled to be heard before Magistrate Mattie Simmons in the Olympia Magisterial District located on Bluff Road out past Williams Brice football stadium. I was given the assignment and handed Jack’s file five minutes before leaving and learned the client was accused of discharging a shot gun into the open driver’s side window of the victim’s pick-up truck. Jack’s notes said the victim was beating a hasty retreat after having been caught cheating in a poker game and our client merely fired a warning shot in his direction.

    Even a fledgling lawyer like me knew you can’t admit shooting a shotgun at somebody but deny you meant to kill them. I was still wondering what I was supposed to do as I drove up the Magistrate Court’s parking lot packed with pick-up trucks and stepped out into the oppressive heat of a late August afternoon.

            The tiny cinderblock courtroom was stifling hot and packed with people. Seems everyone in the community was either kin to the defendant or the victim or had been playing in the poker game that led to the shooting. I saw the judge sitting by herself in her black robe behind a tiny desk at the front of the courtroom. Although I didn’t know at the time Article V, Section 26 of the South Constitution provided magistrates were appointed by the Governor with the advice and consent of the Senate or that the process was controlled by “senatorial courtesy,” meaning the Governor would appoint whoever the local senator named who would be affirmed by the Senate as a courtesy to their colleague, but I instinctively  introduced myself to the judge saying I worked for Senator Isadore Lourie. She greeted me warmly and graciously granted my request for a few minutes to confer with my client.

            I’d never met the client but figured, being the only idiot in a jacket and tie in the sweltering heat, he’d find me. It didn’t take long and as I was getting ready to ask him one of the hundred or so questions I’d thought up toask him, he interrupted to tell me he’d settled his differences with the alleged victim who now wanted to drop the charges. I didn’t know the man standing next to our client was the victim until he chimed in saying,” that’s right.” Fortunately, the victim had the weathered face of a farmer which showed no signs of having been shot by a shotgun. I asked them for a few minutes to confer with the judge.

            I headed back to the front of the courtroom where Judge Simmons remained sitting, fanning herself. When I told her the victim wanted to drop the charges, she said, “Oh, no, no, no. I can’t have people shooting each other in my district.” Not knowing any better, I asked what I thought was a stupid question if there was anything my client could do to resolve the situation. Judge Simmons thought long and hard sitting there fanning herself with her black robe unzipped to about her navel revealing her enormous breasts covered in a white bra. Finally, she suggested if our client turned in his shotgun, she’d agree to dismiss the charge. She again graciously granted my request for a few minutes to confer with my client.

            For those of you who may not know, ABWIK was a felony carrying up to twenty years in prison. I thought I’d pulled off a miracle and couldn’t wait to tell our client the good news of my total victory my first time out the blocks. Again, however, my client had other ideas and rejected the judge’s plea offer saying it would soon be deer hunting season and he needed his shotgun. I was dumbfounded but, more by dumb luck than anything else, asked what I thought was a second really stupid question, “how many shotguns do you own?” When he said three, I heard the solution to the impasse and suggested maybe he could just give up one shotgun. He agreed but only on the condition he could get it back after hunting season. Again, I asked for a few moments to confer with the judge.

            This time Judge Simmons agreed and, although I saw no signs of recording equipment, I made a show of placing the agreement “on the record” for the benefit of the packed courtroom. The murmuring strongly indicated approval of the agreement and the courtroom emptied. My client thanked me but wanted to make sure I told the Senator how much he was appreciated by everyone for all his good work.

            It was the next morning before I could tell everyone back at the office of my brilliant victory, but they all acted more like the outcome was a foregone conclusion. Chief, as I called Senator Lourie, was more interested in the client’s message of future political support while Jack, at least, gave me a pat on the back for a job well done. I probably felt a little like a pawn in a game I hadn’t realized I was playing but still felt like the dismissal of a serious felony at the preliminary hearing was a feather in my cap and there were lessons that I’d learned. Never give up. Keep trying and often you can find a solution to even an impossible problem. And, just as important, the only stupid questions are the ones you don’t ask. I didn’t know it then but soon enough; I’d be flying on my own.

  • MY LAST MURDER CASE

    Maybe you’re wondering how I could have handled so many murder cases, with a seemingly good track record, without anybody reading about me in the newspaper or seeing me on the evening news?  It’s because of some sound legal advice I received from a very good lawyer I chanced meeting on my way into the Richland County courthouse between the time I took the South Carolina bar exam and I found a job. When I decided to go down to the courthouse to watch real lawyers doing what real lawyers do.  

    To my great good fortune I ran into I. S. Levy Johnson, Esquire, at the courthouse. I didn’t know who he was at the time and, when I asked him where I could watch the real lawyers in action, Mr. Johnson, who always had a humorous glint in his eye, almost burst out laughing at my new naiveite.

    He put his hand on my shoulder and said, “Son, its Monday morning, and the real good lawyers avoid the courthouse like the plague. They avoid the courthouse  because its filled with gung-ho judges determined to assert their bona fides in the war against crime, puffed up prosecutors perpetually running for office, newshounds looking to stir the pot, and  victim’s rights advocates beating their own drums. If you want to catch the real lawyers at work, you’d best come back around about Thursday afternoon. Come back after the judge has given all his fire and brimstone speeches and purged himself of the urge for retribution. When the prosecutor just wants to move his backlogged docket, the  newshounds have met their deadlines for the week, and, after the advocates have faded away having lost interest. That’s when the real lawyers show up to ply their craft.  I took his advice to heart and tried my best to stay out of the spotlight as much as I could over the course of my career.

    Retired now, I no longer feel constrained writing about my murder cases and will tell you about my last murder case nobody ever heard of. It began when my client’s unemployed, sometime boyfriend coming over to her house one night, as he did whenever the mood struck him, and she welcomed him in, as she  often did, to relieve the monotony of her daily life. You see, at barely nineteen years old herself, she was stuck living at home watching for her younger brothers and sisters and caring for her disabled grandfather so her mother could work double shifts at a downtown hotel doing housekeeping. She dreamed a lot of dreams for herself, but never dreamed she’d be charged with murder.

    This particular morning, her boyfriend noticed the family car parked in the driveway and said he needed to borrow it so he could take care of some “business.” My client told him no because she had to take her grandfather to his doctor’s appointment later that morning. He got angry and started looking around the house for the car keys. He got madder and madder when he couldn’t find them. Thinking they might still be in the car, he went out to check and my client hastily locked the door behind him. This pissed him off even more when he tried to get back in causing him to bang on the door and threaten my client if she didn’t open it.

    She refused and watched helplessly as he walked back over to the family car, picked up a rock, and yelled he was going to smash out the windshield if she didn’t give him the keys. She grabbed a kitchen knife and stepped out into the yard to tell him to stop or she’d call the police. When he saw her holding the knife, he came towards her aggressively asking, “What? You gonna stab me with that?” To his great surprise, that’s exactly what she did. She stabbed him once in the groin severing his femoral artery. She did call the police but he bled out before the police or ambulance could arrive.

    To the police it looked like she stabbed her unarmed boyfriend, so they charged her with murder and her poor mother hired me to defend her. To be honest, my last murder case didn’t turn out to be much of a case after all and I was able to get it dismissed before it ever got started. I was able to get Judge Kristi Harrington, the judge in my Gansta Style case, to dismiss the case under the South Carolina’s  Protection of Persons and Property Act that changed the law of self-defense in a couple of important ways.

    First, you no longer have to prove you fear for your life to justify the use of deadly force. The new law presumes you fear for your safety anytime someone threatens you on your own property. And, second, you no longer have to retreat before you can use deadly force. You can stand your ground to protect your home and property.

    The prosecutor argued the boyfriend hadn’t broken into my client’s house, he was invited in. I argued, although he’d been invited into the house the night before, he was subsequently locked out and told to leave. The solicitor argued he was unarmed and their domestic dispute didn’t warrant the use of deadly force. I argued she was entitled to, but didn’t need the presumption of fear, because she was on her property when he threatened her and approached her aggressively.

    The most important aspect of the new law is, it not only strengthened the defense of self-defense, it granted immunity from prosecution. Judge Harrington agreed with my arguments and dismissed the case outright without the need for a trial much to my client’s relief. The media rarely covers motion hearings in criminal court and not a word of my victory appeared in the media.

    It was a fitting end to a fifty-year career as a criminal defense attorney and I think Mr. Johnson would agree, that’s all a real lawyer should care about. My advice to anyone based on my experience is, if you have a lawyer who thinks your case is their ticket onto the front page or the evening news, you probably need another lawyer.

  • SHAD AUP! I’M TALKIN’ TO DA LAWYER…

    My client was in the logistics business of transporting contraband around the southeast in horse trailers loaded with big, mean horses. He told any troopers who happened to pull him over they were broncs bound for a rodeo dissuading any urge to search the trailer. His ploy worked so well he earned enough to buy himself a beautiful horse farm way out in Colleton County. The only thing he loved more than his farm was his wife. When she broke her back in a single car wreck, he took her all the way to the Ochsner Medical Center in New Orleans for the three-level spinal fusion surgery she needed that South Carolina doctors were too scared to perform. When she recovered from her surgery, he brought her in to see my partner, Malcolm Crosland, and me about her case. She won us over immediately, being as sweet and as country as a drop girl could be. When we’d call to talk with her about her case, her husband would try to butt in on the conversation, and she’d holler on the phone, “Shad aup! I’m talking to da lawyers.” She was just the kind of client a Colleton County jury would undoubtedly love to pieces.

              Problem was by all accounts the wreck was her fault. Nobody ran her off the road and there was no mechanical breakdown. She just ran off the road and flipped over into a ditch. Fortunately for her, my partner, Malcolm, was the kind of lawyer who never gave up fighting for his clients. If you asked him for an elephant, he’d bring you a whole circus.

    He somehow found a highway construction expert qualified not only to tell us what happened to cause our client’s wreck but who was responsible. His detailed report pinned the blame squarely on the paving company that left a four inch drop off on the side of the highway they’d just repaved. They were supposed to have backfilled the drop off but didn’t and his report explained how that caused our client’s wreck.

    When our client drifted over to the edge of the roadway, her tire deformed and literally pulled her over the edge. When she tried to steer back onto the road surface, her tire “scrubbed” along the drop off unable to climb back up until she overcorrected to a critical angle when her tire caught and vaulted her back up onto the highway. Most often incidents of this nature cause head-on collisions but, with no oncoming traffic, our client shot all the way across the highway and rolled over into a ditch on the other side. It is a well-known and documented danger in the road construction industry as shown in the expert’s report citing peer reviewed engineering studies dating back to the Ford Model T.

              We filed a negligence action against the paving company which had plenty of insurance coverage. It didn’t take long for the paving company’s lawyers to figure out they were toast on the issue of liability, so they decided to switch gears and attack our sweet client’s credibility. Their attempts proved feeble and, quite honestly, started to piss the jury off. That’s when the desperate defense lawyers got the bright idea to stoop to a new low. They called an off duty, African American  police officer to testify. He testified he didn’t see the wreck but came up on it right after it happened and jumped down into the ditch where our client was hanging upside down in her car to offer help. He sure sounded like a good Samaritan but then he testified our client clutched her jewelry hanging from her neck when he stuck his head in to ask if she was all right.

              In every lawyer’s practice the time will come when a pompous opposing counsel, a lying witness with an axe to grind, or just some plain old racist, sexist, or some other kind of istist, will say something that shows his or her true colors. In our case it came when the defense lawyer called the police officer he apparently had some connection with. I saw immediately what he was up to. I stopped and let the silence highlight for the jury that something important had happened. Then I asked the officer in a calm, level voice, “What inference is it you want the jury to draw from your testimony she clutched her jewelry?” It caught him off guard. He didn’t want to outright accuse our sweet client of thinking all black people were robbers for the benefit of the five African American jurors on our jury. All he could do was hem and haw around about how the jury could make of it whatever it wanted. So, I asked again and let the weasel squirm while the jury figured it out for themselves.

              The defense lawyer’s witness backfired spectacularly. We got a very good verdict for our Colleton County sweetheart from our Collewton County jury. And we still get a good laugh every time one of us says, “Shad aup! I’m talking to da lawyer!”

  • DON’T BE A “KNOW-IT-ALL LAWYER AND LEARN WHAT YOU’RE MISSING

    The mother of a young woman who’d been stabbed to death came to see me. Her daughter tried to end a relationship with a possessive and violent man. When she said she was breaking up with him, he started calling incessantly. When she called the police, they said they couldn’t do anything unless he threatened her and suggested she get an unlisted number. When he learned her old number had been disconnected and her new one was unlisted, he came over to her apartment and cut her phone wires. When she called the police that time they said they couldn’t do anything unless she had evidence he cut the wire and suggested she take out a restraining order against him. She did and, when she caught him lurking around her apartment and threatened to call the police, he beat her up pretty badly. This time when she called the police they took pictures of her black eye, busted lip, and bruises and obtained a warrant for his arrest charging him with ABHAN, assault and battery of a high and aggravated nature, a felony carrying up to twenty years.

    When he was arrested and held in the County jail, his Public Defender requested a preliminary hearing before a magistrate to determine whether there was probable cause to believe he committed the offense Probable cause is a very low burden of proof which surely would have been met based on her photographs and identification of the defendant, but the police failed to show up for the hearing. The magistrate dismissed the charge and ordered the defendant released from custody. Upon his release, he went straight over to the young woman’s apartment and killed her. Her mother was devastated and outraged her daughter, who had done everything she was supposed to, had been killed. When she came to see me, I was outraged too and I filed a wrongful death action against the police under the South Carolina Tort Claims Act, SCTLA. I thought I had a slam dunk case but I had no inkling how much I didn’t know.

    The police department’s lawyer filed an answer to my lawsuit that was an education in itself. It seems when the legislature waived sovereign immunity to allow the State and political subdivisions to be sued, they included all manner of exceptions to liability including liability for the failure to enforce the law and for discretionary acts by police officers. Apparently it doesn’t matter much anyway as whatever duty to act the police may have it is a duty owed to the general public, not specific individuals, and police action or inaction is never the proximate cause of injuries to the victim’s of criminal acts. But, hold on a minute, I said I was ignorant, not stupid.

    I know enough to know when to ask for help and knew my former father-in-law, Morris Rosen, used to be the attorney for the City of Charleston, so I asked him about my case. He gave me some of his always sound advice by introducing me to his daughter-in-law, Susan Rosen, who turned out to be one of the finest lawyers I ever worked with on a case. So good, I don’t think we ever had to try a case together because they all settled. Susan reviewed the pleadings, we discussed the case, and she agreed what had happened to our client’s daughter was indeed outrageous. She immediately eased my anxiety something I didn’t know had sunk my case.

    Susan calmly explained not everything a policeman does is discretionary and she was pretty sure not showing up for a court hearing without explanation was one of them. That didn’t amount to administrative action or inaction either because it did not involve policy choices. Susan’s knowledge of and experience got us through summary judgment and the case settled soon afterwards.

    I wish I could tell we settled for what the case was worth, but damages under the SCTCA were capped at $200,000.00 and the settlement offer made was near enough to it, the mother decided to accept it. It was never about the money to her and she had little desire to wait another year and a half for trial. In addition to my half of the fee we earned, I got to know Susan Rosen who went on to build a reputation for being an excellent medical malpractice attorney. I didn’t know any more about med mal cases than SCTLA wrongful death cases, so you can safely bet I knew where to turn for help whenever I got one.

    The lesson to be learned is not to let yourself become a “know-it-all” lawyer. I don’t care how smart you may think you are, remember it’s what you don’t know that will get you in the end. Don’t be afraid to ask for help and learn how to become a better lawyer than you could ever become alone.

  • DOWNRIGHT LOWDOWN DIRTY

    My client was a brilliant Ph.D. biomedical scientist who was highly recruited by the Medical University of South Carolina to conduct medical research studies. A native of Tiawan, he spent years climbing the academic ladder at some of our nation’s best colleges and universities before moving his family to the Charleston area. He wanted to put down roots in and bought a modest home in a new Mt. Pleasant subdivision. He also bought the homebuyer’s warranty offered by the developer to protect his investment.

    He soon discovered his home had been built below the FEMA approved base flood elevation and flood insurance on his new home was going to cost a small fortune every year. His warranty company summarily rejected his claim for compensation on the grounds a home being built below the base flood elevation wasn’t a construction defect covered under the warranty. The warranty provided he could request AAA arbitration and he did. He represented himself and, as you might imagine, as a Ph.D. scientist he was well prepared and had his claim well documented. He won the arbitration and thought the problem had been solved until he received a certified letter from the warranty company saying they were filing an appeal to an appellate arbitrator.

    My client wasn’t stupid and didn’t see any provision either in his warranty document or in the AAA’s arbitration rules granting the losing party the right to appeal. He came to see me, and I didn’t see one either, so I signed him up, and sent a strongly worded letter to the warranty company threatening legal Armageddon if they didn’t abide by the terms of the award. When they blew me off, I filed a lawsuit against them alleging breach of contract, bad faith, a violation of the Unfair Trade Practices Act, and fraud. They responded to my lawsuit by hiring a high-powered, below Broad insurance defense law firm and they filed a blistering answer calling my complaint frivolous, raising defenses I’d never heard of before, and demanding my lawsuit be dismissed, with prejudice, and costs.

    According to them, I was trampling on the 1925 Federal Arbitration Act, the “well established” federal policy favoring arbitration, and my entire lawsuit was premature because arbitration was still ongoing. I decided I needed some high-powered legal help of my own and knew a lawyer named Bill Bundy who was a carpenter before he went to law school and practiced construction law, so I contacted him about my case. He said I needed his senior partner, Ellison D. Smith, IV, because Ellison knew all about my kind of case.

    I was Ellison’s neighbor on Sullivan’s Island and knew his reputation for being an excellent lawyer, but I really didn’t know him personally. I followed Bill’s advice and met Ellison to discuss my case. I was surprised when he said he didn’t know anything about cases like mine because he’d never seen one like it before. I felt a little better when he said he’d never heard of an appellate arbitration either. As we discussed my case further, he got what I can only describe as a gleam in his eye, much like I would imagine a grand master chess champion would get thinking ten or twenty moves ahead in a game and seeing checkmate. My gaming analogy was more apt than I realized as I soon learned litigation was indeed a game to Ellison. A game we were about to have more fun playing than just about any other case I ever tried.

    As the written discovery progressed, our case just kept getting better and better. The more we learned, the more it became apparent the so-called homebuyer warranty was really just an elaborate scheme to limit the developer’s liability for any screw-ups on his part. In effect, the homebuyer warranty got the homebuyer to paying for the developer’s insurance while at the same time limiting the damages he could recover and giving up his right to a jury trial.

    When the time came to take depositions, hotheaded me was itching to lay out the whole scheme and expose it for exactly what it was. But Ellison counseled a different approach. A young lawyer tends to come out swinging at everything, he said, but, in a real fight, covering up is every bit as important as trying to land punches. The defense lawyers wanted to throw the land surveyor under the bus and claim he was solely responsible for the elevation error. He was more than willing to fall on his sword to save his main source of income. I wanted to show the problem with their argument was this was Phase II of the development, and the developer already knew about the elevation problem from the Phase I survey of the adjacent property. But Ellison calmly convinced me we’d rather have it be a mistake by the surveyor rather than outright fraud by the developer for coverage purposes under the warranty. When we took the deposition of the appellate arbitrator, he struggled trying to identify the warranty provision or AAA rule providing for an appeal from an arbitration award but steadfastly  maintained the warranty company had an inherent right to appeal a legally incorrect award. I wanted to press him on how the arbitrator’s award was legally incorrect but Ellison said we already know they claim an elevation error isn’t a construction defect and suggested we go in another direction. He started asking where the appellate arbitrator worked before he became an appellate arbitrator. He admitted this was his first gig as an appellate arbitrator and said, before that, he was just an ordinary arbitrator. And before that, Ellison asked? When he admitted, before he became an arbitrator, he worked directly for the Homebuyer Warranty Company, Ellison just smiled, gathered up his notes, and ended the deposition. When I asked him why he let the appellate arbitrator off the hook, Ellison replied, we got what we needed and there was little to be gained from telegraphing our punches before trial. I thought I was associating a balls to the wall litigator, when it turned out I was really getting was a Kung Fu master of litigation.

    I forget the name of the judge we drew which reflects my lack of respect for the way he conducted our trial. He was gruff and short-tempered right from the beginning thinking his job as a judge was to establish he was the smartest person in the room. Nothing anybody did or said met his high standards. Problem was, Ellison was by far the smartest person in the room which kept pissing the judge off.

    It didn’t take long for the defense lawyer to figure out the judge would try to split the baby in half with every ruling, so the defense lawyer started objecting to everything. Often as not the judge would rule at least partially in favor of the defense no matter how ridiculous the objection was. My Kung Fu co-counsel not only deflected the judge’s rulings, he turned them back against the judge and defense counsel. They tried to exclude evidence on one ground, Ellison would simply find an alternative ground to get it in highlighting the importance of the evidence for the jury and revealing the lengths the judge and defense lawyer would go to conceal it from them.

    Despite defense counsel’s best efforts and the judge’s heavy-handed rulings, we got all the evidence in we needed to prove our case. Ellison eloquently argued the same facts the judge and defense had tried to suppress entitled our client to a substantial verdict. So large in fact, defense counsel suggested in his closing argument that Ellison and I were just money-grubbing lawyers looking to get rich off of “jackpot justice.”

    I gave the final argument on behalf of our client. I began by saying it didn’t matter if the jury thought we were Hacksaw Holmes and Buzzsaw Smith, two of the orneriest lawyers this side of Waco, Texas, what the Homebuyer Warranty Company tried to do to our client was just lowdown downright dirty. The jury agreed and gave us verdict Ellison asked for. So big, the judge couldn’t resist putting his finger on the scales of justice one more time. When the defense moved for a new trial or new trial nisi, the judge feigned he had a grave concern over the amount of the jury’s verdict. So concerned he said he’d hear the motions the following week in Beaufort, South Carolina where he was scheduled to hear cases.

    I picked Ellison up and drove him down to Beaufort for the hearing. Ellison, as always, was well prepared for the hearing and knew the law inside out. He studied his notes during the drive and as we waited almost an hour and a half past our hearing’s scheduled time. Defense counsel’s arguments in favor of a new trial were polished but omitted much of actual evidence that supported the verdict that Ellison skillfully pointed out in his response. The judge said he’d have to take the matter under advisement and we’d have to come back after the lunch break for his ruling.

    I drove Ellison around Beaufort over the lunch break discovered I wasn’t the hothead of our legal team after all. My Kung Fu co-counsel clearly did not exhibit Shaolin values during the drive as he vented a string of profanities and frustrations about the blankety blank judge. I tried calming him down as best I could but, each time he settled back down, he’d remember something else the judge had said or done that would set him off again. As time ran out and we pulled back up to the courthouse, I became seriously concerned he wouldn’t be able to control his anger when we appeared back before the judge.

    Thankfully, as soon as he entered the courtroom, he became his same professional self again. When the judge said he was troubled how $400.00 increased annual flood insurance premiums could justify our $180,000.00 verdict. Ellison simply recited the testimony that the elevation error reduced the fair market value of his house by that amount. When the judge quipped that was what our client paid for the house, Ellison simply reminded the judge the house was built on a concrete slab and it would cost more than that to demolish and replace it with a home that complied with the FEMA elevation. The judge begrudgingly denied the motion to set aside or alter our verdict.

    That’s not the end of this story. As word of our client’s victory spread in the subdivision, Ellison and I picked up six other homeowners in the neighborhood with the same problem and each of their cases were settled for considerable sums. And me, well every time I’d run into opposing counsel on the street or at a bar function, we’d both have a good laugh when he’d greet me with a hardy, “Hacksaw!”

  • QUALIFYING FOR DISQUALIFICATION

          I don’t remember how I got this particular client but I think it was from first representing his girlfriend/partner in a dispute with her homeowner’s association over a condo she owned where she kept cats, hundreds of them. So many she ordered kitty litter for them in 55 gallon drums. Before becoming my new client’s girlfriend, she ran a lucrative business providing entertainment for bachelor parties. Lucrative enough she paid cash for her cat condo back before there were any restrictive covenants against running an animal shelter on the premises. Her cats were all indoor cats and well cared for, no noxious odors or loud noises emanating from the condo,  so there wasn’t much the homeowner’s association could do about. Anyway, that’s how I met my client who was a pioneer of the telephone sex industry. They’d established one of the first and largest telephone sex companies in the entire country right here in the Lowcountry.

           When I first met him he had 30 employees, conducted business in twenty-five states, and had more telephone switching capacity than the local Mount Pleasant telephone company. He took care of the IT part of the enterprise while his girlfriend/partner  took care of the girls. Their biggest customers? Men in retirement homes. Busiest time of the month? When social security checks came out. According to them most of their regular customers called more for companionship than sex. They were rolling in the loot.

           Surprisingly, they ran an extremely clean business. They got very few complaints and settled any they got amicably. Turned out there was little they needed a lawyer to do for them. Then came the call from the United States Secret Service, which investigates cyber financial crimes,  requesting an interview. I arranged a meeting in my office.

           Despite my explicit instructions to keep his mouth shut, my client became a regular chatterbox during the interview insisting he ran a completely legit business. While the agent said he didn’t dispute that, he had some questions about the company’s financial practices. My client couldn’t help himself and decided to give the agent a history lesson. Believe it not, he said, originally the phone company would tack charges onto the customer’s phone bills but stopped when too many unscrupulous callers ran up exorbitant charges on other people’s phone bills. That’s when he turned to credit card processing which served the dual purpose of verifying age and collecting charges. To avoid antagonizing the credit card companies, he issued immediate reversals of any disputed charges. Everybody was happy until the Moral Majority began pressuring financial institutions to stop financing pornography in the early 2000’s. Before long his bank, VISA and Mastercard would no longer process his company’s credit card transactions. My client turned to local businesses to process his charges for him offering them a flat 10% cut and guarantee he’d cover any charge backs. At the time he was processing upwards of $80,000.00 a month in charges, so the handful of local merchants he was dealing with were happy to be raking in $8,000.00 a month virtually risk free. My client assured the agent no one had lost a single red cent due to his transactions.

            The agent thanked us for meeting with him and said, if what my client said was true, there was nothing the Secret Service would be interested in pursuing. We shook hands as he left but I asked my client to stay behind after the agent left. I told him my client I didn’t trust the agent and didn’t think the threat had passed. I’m not stupid and if I learned one thing over my years practicing law, its cover your ass, so after the meeting I wrote my client a letter setting out the potential Federal and State laws I thought he might be violating.

           Sure enough, not long after, my client, his girlfriend/partner, and the local merchants who’d been processing charges for him were all indicted in Federal Court. His indictment as the kingpin was for some ridiculous number of counts of financial access fraud, each count carrying up to 15 years and a $250,00.00 fine, bank fraud each count carrying up to 20 years and a $250,000.00 fine, and wire fraud each count also carrying up to 20 years and a $250,000.00 fine. I added up the potential penalties and told my client, eliminating the duplicate counts, he was only facing 600 years but, not to worry, I was confident I could get that knocked down to no more than 100 years. He didn’t think I was being funny.

           This is a long way around to the disqualification part of this story, but here we are, in the preliminary stages of the case in Federal Court, appearing before the Honorable David C. Norton. Right out the blocks the U.S., I mean Useless, Attorney, filed a motion to have me disqualified from the case on the grounds I had a conflict of interest. And what was my conflict of interest? Since I hadn’t advised my client what he was doing was illegal, I’d have an incentive to throw him under the bus to conceal my own incompetence.

           My co-counsel had to restrain me from punching the Useless Attorney in the face right there in the United States District Courtroom. He calmed me down by commenting that the disqualification motion was high praise and showed how much the government respected my legal abilities. When I settled down, I produced my letter advising my client of the statutes I thought he could be violating in camera to Judge Norton and he promptly denied the government’s disqualification motion.

           I wish I could say I found some way to pull a rabbit out of the hat to free my client but that’s rarely how things work out in the real practice of law. Fortunately, Judge Norton didn’t like the idea the Secret Service Agent had told my client what he was doing wasn’t illegal as outlined in my letter to my client and let the U.S Attorney know it. He further stressed  he didn’t want a trial stringing all the merchants along just so they could  testify at trial nobody was defrauded out of anything or lost any money. And my client, although innocent of the massive fraud alleged,  didn’t want his girlfriend/partner having to face jail time. This is the stuff out of which plea bargains are crafted in the real world. My client agreed to plead to a few counts for a manageable 36 month sentence, if his girlfriend and all the merchant defendants received probationary sentences.  

           My client pled and was sent off to Butler FCI where he received medical treatment for a benzodiazepine addiction. He actually thanked me when he came home a much healthier person. He never got his business back but I’m confident he’d stashed enough away for him, his girlfriend/partner, and her cats to all live comfortably thereafter. And me, in addition to my fee, I got to write this story touting I was such a good lawyer the United State’s Attorney Office for the District of South Carolina tried to have me disqualified from a case for being too good a lawyer.

  • HUNTING SEASON

    I couldn’t turn this poor man away and agreed to represent him on a vehicular homicide charge down in Colleton County. When he was getting ready to leave an outdoor bar-b-que in a friend’s backyard, a woman he vaguely knew asked if he could give her a ride back to town. He said yes but, before he could say anything else, the woman, her baby, and her two other children crammed into the back seat of his car. She kept her baby on her unseatbelted lap.

    It wasn’t his fault when a car pulled out in front of him and he slammed on his breaks narrowly avoiding a “T-bone” collision but the woman was thrown forward and crushed her baby against the back of the seat. The baby was dead before the police or ambulance arrived. The police charged my client with vehicular homicide, a felony carrying up to 10 years, a fine of up to $5,000.00, and a five year license revocation, on the theory not having the baby in a car seat constituted reckless driving.

    His case wasn’t even three months old when I received a notice it was on the General Session trial docket the second week of August. I made what I expected to be a wasted trip down to Walterboro Monday morning when usually courthouses are packed with prosecutors, defense attorneys, policeman, defendants, and witnesses involved in cases pending before the court. I was surprised how empty the court was and, when I asked why, I was told by the clerk a lot of lawyers had been granted protection for their summer vacations. Then the actual roster sounding began and I began to smell a rat.

    The clerk called the first case and the defendant’s attorney stood up to address Judge Perry M. Buckner, III. He was elected to the bench in 2000 but I got to know him when he was still an Assistant Solicitor for the Fourteenth Judicial Circuit. Born and raised in Walterboro, he was an avid outdoorsman. He was easy to get along with as a prosecutor and I dom’t remember ever having to try a case against him. This was my first time appearing before him as a judge. The defendant’s lawyer addressed Judge Buckner like they were lifelong friends. After exchanging pleasantries, the lawyer commented about how it was the beginning of deer season and he had plans to take his son on his first deer hunt. From the judge’s reaction you’d have thought he was taking his son for life saving surgery. Needless to say, Judge Buckner continued his case over the term.

    The second case called was already a good ways down the docket and, again the defendant’s lawyer addressed Judge Buckner like they were best friends. He reminded the judge he was President of the 5,000 acre Collins Hunt Club and in charge of the club’s gala dinner marking the beginning of deer season. Judge Buckner said he was planning on attending and granted his request for a continuance too. Maybe like me, you’re ignorant of the significance of deer season in Colleton County but, like me, you’re probably getting an inkling of where this docket sounding was headed. Lawyer after lawyer asked for and received continuances until my case, which had been at the bottom of the docket, had climbed its way up to the top.

    Wouldn’t you know it, Judge Buckner greeted me with a big smile like I was also a long-lost friend but somehow I felt more like a deer in the crosshairs of a rifle scope than a welcomed out of town attorney. I tried explaining my case was barely three months old and I wasn’t expecting a trial quite so quickly and Judge Buckner appeared concerned when he asked the solicitor if I’d been provided with all of the discovery. The eager young Assistant Solicitor replied yes before adding sua sponte the State was ready for trial. Judge Buckner turned back to me to ask if there was anything I still needed and, instead of saying I needed a break, I replied I would need until the morning to have my defendant and witnesses present for trial. Like he was magnanimously granting me a favor, Judge Buckner announced my case would be Number 1 case for trial Tuesday morning. I realized I’d been had.

    Driving back to Charleston I remembered a case I sat second chair on with Jack Swerling in Richland County. It was a housebreaking case which depended on connecting Jack’s teenage defendant to the break-in by his bookbag having been found on the side of the road near the house. Jack simply argued the bookbag could have just as easily have fallen off the back of his client’s bike and in the absence of any of his fingerprints having been found in the house, or any of the stolen property having been found in his possession, the prosecutor had failed to prove its case beyond a reasonable doubt. The jury agreed and cut the boy loose. The victory rubbed the prosecutor the wrong way and, before we could pack up our things, he advised the Court he was calling another of Jack’s cases next for trial. Jack protested but the Judge refused to intervene and I got to sit second chair for one of the best trials I ever saw.

    The smug prosecutor was way overconfident because he had a confession. He wasted no time calling the deadpan detective to introduce the confession and pissed off Jack wasted no time tearing him to shreds. Jack was familiar with the detective’s reputation for always getting confessions. The detective bristled when Jack suggested as much by asking how many of his cases depended on confessions. His evasive inability to remember caught the jury’s attention. Jack pressed on, well, how about just of your last ten cases, how many of those relied on confessions? I don’t remember. How about the last five? Four? Three? Two? The detective became more and more agitated each time he testified he couldn’t remember or said he wasn’t sure. Jack already knew the answer to his next question about the detective’s last trial because he knew the lawyer whose case it was. Jack called the exact name of the case and asked if he remembered his last case. The detective was stuck and knew it. If he said he couldn’t remember his last case, his credibility would be shot, so he admitted he remembered it. Jack didn’t skip a beat and said so you also remember there was no physical evidence, no eyewitness testimony, or recovered property in that case either, right? Just a confession the defendant retracted claiming it had been coerced. In rapid fire Jack followed up by laying out his case in rapid fire questions to the ruffled detective. In this case my client was held for four hours before supposedly confessing, there was no recording of his confession, the confession was written for him by the detective, he’d been threatened if he didn’t cooperate, promised he could go home if he confessed, and there was no physical or corroborating evidence whatsoever connecting his client to the crime aside from his confession. The detective denied the suggestion he coerced the confession but his answers no longer mattered.

    Jack’s courtroom prowess shown through during his closing argument. Jack gave the jury a Criminal Law 101 lecture on the admissibility of confessions. They must be freely and voluntarily given, without threat of force or promise of leniency. Even if they are admitted by the judge, it is for the jury to determine wether to believe them. And, then he stopped, walked over to counsel table and picked up a random blank sheet of paper, walked back up before the jury and announced in an angry and rising voice, “You know what I think of this confession?” as he tore the sheet of paper in half in front of the jury.

    I kid you not, he was so convincing, the Assistant Solicitor about jumped over counsel’s table objecting Jack was tearing up the evidence. The judge was surprised and started banging his gavel as the court security, unsure what was happening, started to converge. Jack just smiled and held the torn pieces of blank paper up for all to see, thanked the jury, and sat down. It was the fastest not guilty verdict I ever saw.

    The remembrance of Jack’s case calmed me down on my drive back to the office. So, they decided to make my case the sacrificial trial for the week, they should be careful what they ask for. I hit the books in the library and learned that, while vehicular homicide is not a specific intent crime, meaning the State didn’t have to prove my client intended to kill anybody, it has to prove the death resulted from a conscious failure to exercise due care. Like in Jack’s case, it was the evidence the young prosecutor didn’t have that would be the undoing of his case.

    My client was single and didn’t have any children,so he didn’t conciously fail to carry an infant seat in his car. He wasn’t concious the infant and children were coming along when he agreed to give the mother a ride back to town. He wasn’t concious the mother held her baby in her lap in the back seat. He hadn’t been conciouisly drinking, speeding, or otherwise driving recklessly when the other car pulled out in front of him. And, oh by the way, officer, why hadn’t the mother been charged with anything?

    My trial turned out to be the second fastest jury verdict I’ve ever heard of. The jury returned a not guilty verdict before I had half a chance to smoke a cigarette outside the Walterboro courthouse.

  • BANKING …

    My friend, Bobby Howe, denied he associated me on cases and shared fees because of my legal abilities he so often needed. Instead, he insisted it was just so we could have fun together. It was in that same spirit, I invited Bobby to accompany me on a trip to Grenada I was making the trip on behalf  of a client who’d purchased 220 acres of beachfront property on the island and wanted me to attend a Caribbean Basin Economic Development Program sponsored by the Reagan Administration after it invaded the island.

           Off we flew to Grenada and, while I was stuck listening to mind numbing lectures in the conference room of the hotel where the meeting was being held, Bobby enjoyed himself making friends and running up an astronomical tab at the beach front bar. He met a Frenchman and his girlfriend attending the conference who expressed an interest in the property and felt like he was earning his keep by arranging a private tour of the property for his new friends .

           Bobby assured me he’d taken care of everything, but that little voice in back of my head was already telling me I should  know better. It took me about ten seconds to realize Frenchman and his girlfriend had no intention of buying anything and were just looking for a free adventure. Oh, they were fixin’ to get one but had no idea what they were getting themselves into.

    The trip began in a beat-up old minivan owned by the derelict brother-in-law of a bartender Bobby befriended at the hotel. We loaded up and held on for dear life as the maniac driver careened over Granada’s hilly coast road to an old plantation located a couple of miles down the coast from the property. We were all relieved to be out of the deathtrap van but soon realized the death-defying part of the trip was just beginning.

           I have to assume the boat and captain were another referral to a relative by Bobby’s bartender friend. The boat was a twenty-foot wooden boat that had to be at least  fifty years old and had an equally old, beat up out board motor with red plastic gas can plugged into it. The boat was brightly colored in whatever mismatched, leftover paint the owner could beg, borrow, or steal. The owner was every bit as old as his boat, but he’d been baked in the Caribbean sun for so many years it was hard to tell exactly how old he was. I immediately noticed the complete lack of ant lifesavers or safety gear. Only Bobby could have talked us all into the boat but he did and, before anybody could change their mind, he helped the owner push the boat out to sea. Our trepidation rose as the water reached within five inches of the gunwale. The ride out through the breakers took years off our lives.

           Once we hit open water, we all exhaled an enormous sigh of relief. Bobby sat at the back laughing with our captain who as relieved as we were we’d made it through. It was smooth sailing from there until it was time to head back into the property riding the surf all the way up onto the beach. We all scampered out of the boat as fast as we could thankful to be safely standing on the white sand of the property’s secluded beach. The property truly was paradise. It encompassed an entire undeveloped cove with high ground extending out on either side and a small undeveloped island. Petit Trou, nestled off one side. Palm trees lined the pristine beach, and it wasn’t long before we all forget the harrowing ride it took to get there. Of course, Bobby became so much of a hero for taking us all on such an amazing adventure, none of us minded the trip back to the hotel.

           That night was the highlight of the conference, a private party at the residence of the American ambassador. I don’t know how many millions of dollars someone has to donate to get the posting but it’s worth every penny. The newly renovated colonial residence was beautiful, but the party was being held on the just as beautiful manicured lawn stretching down the hillside from the residence to a breathtaking view out to sea. There was a brick pathway surrounded by flowering tropical plants that led from the residence to a sitting area down by the overlook.

            I lost track of Bobby while I tried to socialize with the ambassador and invited guests. It didn’t take long to find him when the time for the party to end approached. All I had to do was follow the laughter down the garden path. There he was, surrounded by Grenada’s upper class and a smattering of conference attendees receiving a lesson on how to drink the island’s prized 110 proof rum. The natives showed Bobby how they take a shot and quickly wash it down with a tall glass of water presumably to keep their heads from exploding. Bobby was encouraging the locals to show him how to master the technique to hilarious laughter. When I told him it was time to go, it took another twenty minutes for him to say goodbye to all his newfound friends who were every bit as tipsy as he was.

           I was frankly surprised he was able to make it back up the garden path up to the residence in his condition. He gushed the whole way about how much fun he’d been having at the party. As we excited through the front door of the Ambassador’s residence, a stunningly beautiful woman dressed in her floral island finery, complete with matching tignon, stopped Bobby to say, “Oh, Mr. Howe, you should move down here to practice law in Grenad full time.” Bobby smiled thinking on it and asked, “What kind of law would I be able to practice here?” Without hesitation, the woman replied in all seriousness, “Banking.”

  • LIKE KISSING YOUR SISTER

    Too often nobody wins in the courtroom and too often when you do, it feels more like kissing your sister than a victory. People nowadays admire the Honorable Clifton Newman for the way he presided over the Murdaugh murder trial in Colleton County, but I first got to know him when he was still the Solicitor for Williamsburg County. I was hired to represent a Charleston area college student accused of murder in his hometown of Kingstree, South Carolina. As murder cases go, it was a defense lawyer’s self-defense dream case.

    When my client returned home from college for the Thanksgiving break in his freshman year, he learned his younger sister was being recruited to join a gang. It really wasn’t much of a gang, more a high school click of wannabe gangsters than a real gang, but they’d dreamt up a demeaning recruitment ritual for young women. Hearing what the initiation entailed, my client forbid his sister from having anything to do with the gang or any of its members. When word got back to the self-appointed  gang leader, he vowed vengeance against my client. When my client got wind of the leader’s threats, he took them seriously and started carrying a pistol for his protection. Kingstree being the small town it is, it wasn’t long before the two crossed paths and heated words were exchanged. When the so-called gang leader thought he would prove how tough he was by beating my client’s ass, my client shot him dead as a hammer in the parking lot of a quick stop store. As good a self-defense case as there ever was in my fifty years experience.

    I fleshed out my client’s self-defense case at his preliminary and bond hearings and, although my arguments weren’t good enough to get the charge dismissed outright, they were good enough to get him released on bond. Unfortunately, my client was forced to put his college education on hold while he found a job so he could pay his parents back for his bail bond and attorney fees. There weren’t many jobs in Kingstree to begin with and being out on bond for murder slammed the doors shut on the few jobs that existed. The case languished until my client’s name cropped up on the General Sessions trial roster and I was required to make the seventy-five mile, hour and forty-five minute drive to Kingstree to attend the hearing.

    Solicitor Newman said he understood the trip I’d made and, remembering my arguments at the prelim and bond hearings,  talked with me seriously about his having to deal with the victim’s grieving family. He countered my self-defense arguments saying the victim was just a high school student, he was unarmed, and his family denied he was a member of any gang. I replied my client was a student too, that was not my client’s understanding of the situation, and, under South Carolina law, the defendant in a self-defense case is entitled to act on appearances. Solicitor Newman offered if my client pled guilty in open court plea to voluntary manslaughter, he would put in a good word for him with the judge in-chambers, but my client steadfastly maintained his innocence and rejected the offer. Thus began a seemingly endless string of back-and-forth drives to Kingstree and a lawyer’s tug of war with neither side willing or able to give an inch.

    The modest fee I’d charged my client’s parents to begin with was beginning to look more and more like I was being paid the minimum wage. The break that finally broke the deadlock came but not from either Solicitor Newman’s or my trial skills. My client, who had no prior record before he was charged with murder, turned to crime to earn money when he couldn’t find a legit job. And not just any crime, he decided to try his hand at bank robbery. Solicitor Newman filled me in on the details of the robbery and my client’s arrest when I appeared for my client’s next docket sounding. Solicitor Newman said the victim’s family would be satisfied if my client plead guilty to the bank robbery charge and would allow him to dismiss the murder charge.

    My client freely admitted the bank robbery and agreed to plead straight up to the charge which carried from ten to thirty years, of which you had to serve at least seven years, to get it over with and the murder charge behind him. He pled guilty that afternoon to bank robbery and received a sentence of twenty years. Solicitor Newman was true to his word and never mentioned my client’s pending murder charge during the guilty plea and quietly nol prossed the murder charge later that same afternoon.

    I’d won a murder case, but it didn’t feel much like much a victory. It felt more like kissing my sister, nothing to get excited about. What if my client hadn’t been charged with murder? What if he’d been able to find a job? What if he hadn’t decided to rob a bank? “What if” questions will drive a lawyer crazy. They are best answered by reminding yourself, “if your aunt had balls she’d be your uncle.” You aren’t responsible for the legal system, just to do the best you can to help your client out of whatever fix he or she got themselves into. So, pucker up, Sis, congratulate me for a not so satisfying victory in a murder case.

  • THE LAWYERS OF ISLAM

            I was the attorney of record for Rocket Packs girlfriend who lived with him in the house with the floor safe stuffed with cocaine, money, and drugs. She was also charged with Trafficking Cocaine, more than 100 grams, and facing the same minimum. mandatory twenty-five years, no probation, no parole. Her claim of ignorance as to her otherwise unemployed boyfriend’s drug dealing activities was seriously undercut by the cocaine, straws, and mirrors strewn about the house as well as the scrap book of photographs showing them partying, drinking Champaigne, and riding around New York City in a limousine. In truth, she knew very little about her boyfriend’s drug dealing enterprise and the prosecutor was willing to let her plead guilty not only to simple possession of the cocaine found in plain view during the search but to recommend probation too. She agreed to accept the plea understanding she would probably lose her teaching certificate but that was a bridge she’d already burned behind her anyway. I informed the Assistant Solicitor we had a deal and requested he put her on the upcoming guilty plea docket.

            Her case was placed on the plea docket of Judge John Hamilton Smith, a no non-sense judge who wouldn’t have been my first pick to plea in front of,  but, nevertheless, a judge I knew would accept the recommendation. I notified my client of the date and time for her plea and said I would meet her at the courthouse a half-hour beforehand to fill out the paperwork required for a plea. I figured to get our paperwork in early so we’d be in and out quickly but everything fell apart when we met at the courthouse and she told me she’d decided to reject the offer. I asked what happened to change her mind but she wouldn’t tell me. Out of frustration, I asked her how it felt to screw herself giving up a plea to a guaranteed walk when she was facing twenty-five years hard time. All she would say is the Lawyers of Islam were coming down to the courthouse to take over her case. I told her they’d better hurry because Judge Smith was taking the bench in fifteen minutes and was expecting her to plead.

            A few minutes later Attorney Fred Henderson Moore, Sr., arrived at the courthouse. He was easily recognizable from the limited use of his arm and leg he’d had since birth. He was the last of twelve children born in 1934 during the Great Depression. I don’t know for sure, but from appearances he had cerebral palsy making his already hard life that much more of a struggle. Miraculously he thrived growing up in the Honey Hill subdivision of James Island. He was president of the Honor Society in his junior year and president of the student body in his senior year at Burke High School. He was one of only two African American students to take the college entrance examination the year he graduated. He was awarded the Danforth Foundation Leadership Award and offered scholarships to attend Carnegie Mellon and Harvard.  Too poor to pay for travel expenses and books, he decided to attend South Carolina State in Orangeburg on a full scholarship.

    Subjected to Jim Crow laws his whole life, he became a civil rights activist in college. He joined the NAACP’s effort to desegregate Orangeburg’s white schools after the Supreme Court’s Brown v. Board of Education decision in 1954.  The school board denied the Petition and the White Citizens Council began targeting anyone who supported the petition for retaliation. Undeterred, Mr. Moore helped organize a boycott of Charleston businesses a year before the Montgomery, Alabama bus boycott following the arrest of Rosa Parks.

    Orangeburg Representative Jerry Hughes, Jr., introduced a bill and the Governor sent SLED to investigate subversive activities on campus. Mr. Moore called the dean a moral coward for not supporting the students and was expelled from the college. Despite his expulsion, he graduated law school from Howard University and became a well-known civil rights and criminal defense lawyer. Fifty years later, South Carolina State University issued an apology and awarded him an honorary degree.

    It was about that time I first had the occasion to appear in court with Mr. Moore when he represented a co-defendant in an historical drug conspiracy case before United States District Court Judge Sol Blatt. Judge Blatt was one of the most gracious judges I have ever appeared before but Mr. Moore wore Judge Blatt’s patience flat out by being chronically late for court. When he failed to show up at all for post-trial motions, Judge Blatt lost it and called him incompetent on the record. Realizing he’d given the defendant a guaranteed appeal for ineffective assistance of counsel, Judge Blatt continued the hearing and appointed Coming Ball Gibbs to represent the defendant who was given a sweetheart deal to sweep the whole incident under the rug.

    And, here it was years later and Mr. Moore was arriving at the courthouse as a Lawyer of Islam.[1] He may have lost a step or two in the later years of his legal career but I can attest he remained fully competent on this occasion. I watched him interact with my recalcitrant client from down the hall and, as soon as he got the gist of what was going on, he backed her right up against the wall and gave her his Sharia Law advice in no uncertain terms. Immediately afterwards, he marched her straight into the courtroom to enter her plea.

            Sadly, in later years, Mr. Moore would be reprimanded, suspended, and ultimately disbarred from the practice of law but, to my mind, that shouldn’t detract from the miraculous story of his early childhood and early career as civil rights and criminal defense attorney. I wish I could have known him back when he struggled to succeed and fought to preserve and protect all of our rights. Wouldn’t it be wonderful if more politicians today would take note and retire before old age tarnishes their legacies.


    [1] It is curious how he became a Lawyer of Islam as there are several articles referring to Mr. Moore as the Reverend Dr. Fred Henferson Moore but I could find no record of his attending divinity school.